Headaches. Quitting aspartame (and caffeine, if quitting sodas) can lead to headaches and migraines for many people. Insomnia can be another symptom of aspartame withdrawal, which can also lead to headaches. Taking pain relievers, getting good rest, and staying hydrated with water can help to take the edge off while you rid your body of aspartame.Aspartame Poisoning Symptoms. Aspartame is a low-calorie artificial sweetener found in numerous food and beverage products. While it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been reports of aspartame poisoning and associated symptoms. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms of aspartame poisoning, how it occurs ...Aspartame is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids L - aspartic acid and L - phenylalanine. [4] Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame may generate methanol by hydrolysis. Under more severe conditions, the peptide bonds are also hydrolyzed, resulting in free amino acids. Aspartame poisoning is often misdiagnosed because its symptoms mock other syndromes. It changes the ratio of amino acids in the blood, lowering or blocking levels of hormones like dopamine and tyrosine that are necessary for bodily function.Nov 10, 2015 · 1. You can soak in a hot bath with a 1/2 cup French Green Clay and 1 cup Epsom Salts well mixed in. The minerals will be absorbed into your skin and bind with the toxins soon to be excreted by your body. 2. Adults mix 1 teaspoon of food grade Bentonite Clay in 8 oz. water and drink it down. Neurologic: Aspartame can do harm to our neurologic system, and the most common symptom of aspartame poisoning is headache and dizziness. Besides, it can also cause the following conditions including confusion, memory loss, severe drowsiness and sleepiness and sever speech slurring. Psychological: Severe depression and anxiety, change of mood ... Oct 27, 2014 · Symptoms Of Aspartame Poisoning. Aspartame poisoning can affect several parts of the body. It has physical as well as psychological implications. In general, the whole body and its various functions can be affected due to aspartame poisoning. Patient may often get tinnitus and buzzing sound in the ears due to aspartame poisoning. Jun 6, 2019 · Aspartame Harms the Brain~ studies show that Diet Coke's aspartame harms the brain. Trump is 70; the damaging effects can be more pronounced on older folks. 'Some had to be institutionalized with ... The FDA Bressler Report has been famous for years because it exposed the phony original safety studies by G. D. Searle on their newly patented but not yet FDA approved neurotoxic sweetener called ...Unsafe forms of stevia. Stevia and pregnancy. Takeaway. Using stevia can reduce calories in foods and drinks, but it may also have some adverse effects. Possible side effects include nausea ...Diet drinks sat in the 120 degree F. Arabian sun for weeks at a time on pallets. The service men and women drank them all day long. All of their symptoms are identical to aspartame poisoning. Dr. Roberts says "consuming aspartame at the time of conception can cause birth defects".Reported Side Effects of Aspartame and Other Artificial Sweeteners. Herpes outbreaks, genital and oral, have been reported to occur within 20 minutes. Congenital disabilities. Blurred vision. Gastrointestinal problems. Lupus. Multiple sclerosis. Escalation of Alzheimer's Disease. Seizures, dizziness, and migraines.5. Foods that contain caffeine. Aside from coffee, other foods and drinks that contain caffeine can cause diarrhea or loose stool. Caffeine naturally occurs in chocolate, so any chocolate-flavored ...Take a couple of cinnamon sticks or half a teaspoon of powdered cinnamon, a two inches piece of ginger, mint leaves (few), 1&1/2 glass of water and simmer on low heat. The mixture when reduces to almost half, leaving a cup sized serving, pour out the liquid only in a cup and have it to detoxify.Aspartame side effects range from bowel problems to headaches to neurological complaints. It may also be responsible for many unexplained symptoms that your doctor has no ability to connect to a diagnosis. Aspartame poisoning may also be involved in Parkinson’s, ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) and Multiple Sclerosis.9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 800.223.2273 | © 2023 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved.The FDA Bressler Report has been famous for years because it exposed the phony original safety studies by G. D. Searle on their newly patented but not yet FDA approved neurotoxic sweetener called ...Jan 5, 2023 · 1. Artificial sweeteners certainly qualify as a 'foreign substance.'. Allergic reactions range from mild (sneezing and sniffles) to severe (anaphylactic shock, inability to breathe, and death). Some allergic reactions occur very quickly; others get stronger over time with each additional exposure. Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. For people with PKU, a buildup of phenylalanine in the body from too much aspartame or other sources may cause the following symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic and Nemours: A musty odor in the urine, skin or breath. Seizures and other neurological problems. Eczema or other skin rash.Aspartame, which can also be identified as E951 on food labels, has three constituent parts: phenylalanine, methanol and aspartic acid. Aside from sounding unappetizing, they can all be toxic at ...Jan 5, 2023 · 1. Artificial sweeteners certainly qualify as a 'foreign substance.'. Allergic reactions range from mild (sneezing and sniffles) to severe (anaphylactic shock, inability to breathe, and death). Some allergic reactions occur very quickly; others get stronger over time with each additional exposure. Mar 2, 2012 · Aspartame poisoning is often misdiagnosed because its symptoms mock other syndromes. It changes the ratio of amino acids in the blood, lowering or blocking levels of hormones like dopamine and tyrosine that are necessary for bodily function. 1. Physical Symptoms Aspartame poisoning can affect your organs and hamper their functioning. Diminished level of functioning in the body parts can cause enormous pain if left untreated. Ear Symptoms: Aspartame poisoning can cause tinnitus or buzzing in the ear. The individual can become intolerant to noises which can lead to hearing loss.Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. For people with PKU, a buildup of phenylalanine in the body from too much aspartame or other sources may cause the following symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic and Nemours: A musty odor in the urine, skin or breath. Seizures and other neurological problems. Eczema or other skin rash.What are Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. FDA has listed 92 symptoms of aspartame poisoning which are contained within the text of articles, reports, and letters written by doctors who have either treated patients suffering from aspartame poisoning, or wherein the doctor is a recognized expert in the field of aspartame poisoning.Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. For people with PKU, a buildup of phenylalanine in the body from too much aspartame or other sources may cause the following symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic and Nemours: A musty odor in the urine, skin or breath. Seizures and other neurological problems. Eczema or other skin rash.In a nutshell, she was being poisoned by the Aspartame in the diet soda…and literally dying a slow and miserable death. When she got to Florida March 22, all she had to take was one pill, and that was a pill for the Aspartame poisoning! She is well on her way to a complete recovery. And she is walking! No wheelchair! This article saved her life.Detailed scientific and general documentation regarding the toxicity of nutrasweet, Equal, diet coke, diet pepsi, and other aspartame containing items. Web page includes real life reports of acute and chronic toxicity due to long-term ingestion.Feb 28, 2017 · To give you just an idea how much money is at stake, Merisant Worldwide, Inc., just one of the many companies now dealing in aspartame, allegedly controls about 1/5th of the worldwide aspartame market. Their sales in 2007, according to their stock profile, were an estimated $290 million. One-fifth of the market at $290 million…. May 4, 2023 · Unsafe forms of stevia. Stevia and pregnancy. Takeaway. Using stevia can reduce calories in foods and drinks, but it may also have some adverse effects. Possible side effects include nausea ... What are Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. FDA has listed 92 symptoms of aspartame poisoning which are contained within the text of articles, reports, and letters written by doctors who have either treated patients suffering from aspartame poisoning, or wherein the doctor is a recognized expert in the field of aspartame poisoning.Yet another article warning about the dangers of Aspartame. Aspartame has been linked to MS, Lupis, fibromylagia symptoms, spasms, shooting pains, numbness in your legs, cramps, vertigo, dizziness, headaches tinnitus, joint pain, depression, anxiety attacks, slurred speech, blurred vision or memory loss, Alzheimer’s disease, tumors and it makes you fat. Detailed scientific and general documentation regarding the toxicity of nutrasweet, Equal, diet coke, diet pepsi, and other aspartame containing items. Web page includes real life reports of acute and chronic toxicity due to long-term ingestion.The Dangers of Aspartame Poisoning. It is no longer a secret that aspartame is a toxic and dangerous ingredient found in many foods. Even though it is still approved by the FDA, there have been numerous reports of aspartame poisoning surfacing. One of the reasons I wrote Unjunk Your Junk Food was to help educate people on how to protect ...Oct 27, 2014 · Symptoms Of Aspartame Poisoning. Aspartame poisoning can affect several parts of the body. It has physical as well as psychological implications. In general, the whole body and its various functions can be affected due to aspartame poisoning. Patient may often get tinnitus and buzzing sound in the ears due to aspartame poisoning. Apr 9, 2018 · Related Topic(s): 92 Aspartame Poisoning Symptoms According To Fda; Aspartame Poisoning; Betty Martini; Cancer; Cancer; Diet Cokes; Donald Rumsfeld; Ekaterina Fedyaeva Victim Of Formaldehyde ... These scientists knew that aspartame was a lethal poison! In fact, in a 1996 report compiled from 10,000 consumer complaints obtained during the pre-marketing testing period, the FDA listed 92 aspartame-related symptoms, ranging from seizures to death! Aspartame Poisoning Symptoms. Aspartame is a low-calorie artificial sweetener found in numerous food and beverage products. While it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been reports of aspartame poisoning and associated symptoms. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms of aspartame poisoning, how it occurs ...Jul 27, 2017 · Aspartame is a toxic chemical that has been used for many years to sweeten diet foods and beverages 2. Toxic effects due to the consumption of aspartame can occur regardless of how long you’ve been consuming diet products. The most common signs of aspartame toxicity are fatigue, joint pain, dizziness, headaches and menstrual problems. The truth about sweeteners. Lower or no calorie sweeteners are substances used instead of sugar to sweeten foods and drinks. They're found in products such as drinks, desserts and ready meals, cakes, chewing gum and toothpaste. You can find a full list of all food additives, including all sweeteners, authorised for use in Great Britain on the ... Jan 5, 2023 · 1. Artificial sweeteners certainly qualify as a 'foreign substance.'. Allergic reactions range from mild (sneezing and sniffles) to severe (anaphylactic shock, inability to breathe, and death). Some allergic reactions occur very quickly; others get stronger over time with each additional exposure. When 40 participants with depression and 40 participants without depression were given aspartame (30 mg/kg body weight/day) or confectioners’ sugar (Walton, Hudak, & Green-Waite, 1993) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial over 20 days with two 3-day washout periods and two 7-day treatment sessions and self-reported symptoms, the ...Nov 10, 2015 · 1. You can soak in a hot bath with a 1/2 cup French Green Clay and 1 cup Epsom Salts well mixed in. The minerals will be absorbed into your skin and bind with the toxins soon to be excreted by your body. 2. Adults mix 1 teaspoon of food grade Bentonite Clay in 8 oz. water and drink it down. Apr 16, 2007 · Additives by law must be inert or non-reactive. Inert products do not produce a list of 92 documented symptoms from 4 types of seizures to coma and death, nor necessitate a 1038 page medical text. (Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic, H. J. Roberts, M.D., www.sunsentpress.com or 1 800 827 7991.) You don’t have to. Aspartame is found in over 6,000 processed foods – from powdered drinks, gelatin, tea, coffee, cocoa, juices, frozen desserts, to chewing gums. It’s even in vitamins (including children’s) and medications. This means the very source of your chronic pain could be in your kitchen cabinet or refrigerator right now.The medical text, "Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic" by the late Dr. H.J. Roberts, world renown aspartame expert, is 1000 pages of symptoms, diseases and drug interactions all triggered or ...Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. 1. Physical Symptoms. The effects of aspartame are far reaching and negatively impact many organ systems and structures, causing a diminished level of functioning and enjoyment of life. Ear Symptoms. Tinnitus or buzzing in the ear is a common symptom of aspartame poisoning. Intolerance to noises and notable ... These scientists knew that aspartame was a lethal poison! In fact, in a 1996 report compiled from 10,000 consumer complaints obtained during the pre-marketing testing period, the FDA listed 92 aspartame-related symptoms, ranging from seizures to death!Browse an A to Z list of symptoms. Call, chat with a Cleveland Clinic health educator or visit our website for more information. Aspartame is a non-nutritive sweetener, meaning it contains an extremely tiny or zero amount of carbohydrates and doesn’t provide the body with energy — or calories — as sugar does. However ...Treatment for food poisoning depends on how severe your symptoms are and what caused the illness. In most cases, drug treatment isn't necessary. Fluid replacement. Fluids and electrolytes, maintain the balance of fluids in your body. Electrolytes include minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium.Aspartame is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids L - aspartic acid and L - phenylalanine. [4] Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame may generate methanol by hydrolysis. Under more severe conditions, the peptide bonds are also hydrolyzed, resulting in free amino acids. Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. Certain types of cleaners are only harmful if ingested, while others also emit toxic gases/fumes.Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. 1. Physical Symptoms. The effects of aspartame are far reaching and negatively impact many organ systems and structures, causing a diminished level of functioning and enjoyment of life. Ear Symptoms. Tinnitus or buzzing in the ear is a common symptom of aspartame poisoning. Intolerance to noises and notable ... Facts About Diet Coke. Diet Coke is a sweet, bubbly concoction which, according to the USDA's nutrition database, contains carbonated water, caramel color, aspartame, phosphoric acid, potassium benzoate, natural flavors, citric acid and caffeine. Of these ingredients, the aspartame and the caffeine are the greatest cause for concern.Oct 27, 2014 · Symptoms Of Aspartame Poisoning. Aspartame poisoning can affect several parts of the body. It has physical as well as psychological implications. In general, the whole body and its various functions can be affected due to aspartame poisoning. Patient may often get tinnitus and buzzing sound in the ears due to aspartame poisoning. Nov 10, 2015 · 1. You can soak in a hot bath with a 1/2 cup French Green Clay and 1 cup Epsom Salts well mixed in. The minerals will be absorbed into your skin and bind with the toxins soon to be excreted by your body. 2. Adults mix 1 teaspoon of food grade Bentonite Clay in 8 oz. water and drink it down. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 800.223.2273 | © 2023 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved.Take a couple of cinnamon sticks or half a teaspoon of powdered cinnamon, a two inches piece of ginger, mint leaves (few), 1&1/2 glass of water and simmer on low heat. The mixture when reduces to almost half, leaving a cup sized serving, pour out the liquid only in a cup and have it to detoxify.Are you surprised to learn that the FDA used to list 92 symptoms caused by aspartame, based on consumer complaints? ... 92 Aspartame Poisoning Symptoms According To Fda; Aspartame Poisoning; Betty ...Through her research she has found that there are 92 disease symptoms that aspartame creates. Dr. Hull notes that a lot of the symptoms suffered by those with Fibromyalgia and CFIDS are the same as some of the symptoms of aspartame poisoning. The components that make up aspartame can lead to a number of health problems. Side effects can occur ... These symptoms are often referred to collectively as “aspartame poisoning. ” While the existence of aspartame poisoning is not universally accepted within the scientific community, some individuals have reported experiencing the following symptoms after consuming products containing the sweetener:May 4, 2023 · Unsafe forms of stevia. Stevia and pregnancy. Takeaway. Using stevia can reduce calories in foods and drinks, but it may also have some adverse effects. Possible side effects include nausea ... Jan 5, 2023 · 1. Artificial sweeteners certainly qualify as a 'foreign substance.'. Allergic reactions range from mild (sneezing and sniffles) to severe (anaphylactic shock, inability to breathe, and death). Some allergic reactions occur very quickly; others get stronger over time with each additional exposure. The FDA has a list of around 90 documented symptoms related to aspartame consumption. Hearing loss, ringing and buzzing in the ears, and noise intolerance are a few of those symptoms. Tinnitus is a debilitating ringing the ears and has also been a commonly reported issue by people who consume diet soda. The hearing loss associated with cases of ...The Dangers of Aspartame Poisoning. It is no longer a secret that aspartame is a toxic and dangerous ingredient found in many foods. Even though it is still approved by the FDA, there have been numerous reports of aspartame poisoning surfacing. One of the reasons I wrote Unjunk Your Junk Food was to help educate people on how to protect ...Jan 5, 2023 · Take a couple of cinnamon sticks or half a teaspoon of powdered cinnamon, a two inches piece of ginger, mint leaves (few), 1&1/2 glass of water and simmer on low heat. The mixture when reduces to almost half, leaving a cup sized serving, pour out the liquid only in a cup and have it to detoxify. 1. You can soak in a hot bath with a 1/2 cup French Green Clay and 1 cup Epsom Salts well mixed in. The minerals will be absorbed into your skin and bind with the toxins soon to be excreted by your body. 2. Adults mix 1 teaspoon of food grade Bentonite Clay in 8 oz. water and drink it down.Yet another article warning about the dangers of Aspartame. Aspartame has been linked to MS, Lupis, fibromylagia symptoms, spasms, shooting pains, numbness in your legs, cramps, vertigo, dizziness, headaches tinnitus, joint pain, depression, anxiety attacks, slurred speech, blurred vision or memory loss, Alzheimer’s disease, tumors and it makes you fat.An independent study by Sathyapalan et al. in 2015 used a double-blind, randomized crossover design to test the acute effects of aspartame on 14 symptoms plus biochemical and metabolic measurements. Participants were 48 people who had self-reported sensitivity to aspartame and 48 gender and age matched non-sensitive individuals.9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 800.223.2273 | © 2023 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved.The truth about sweeteners. Lower or no calorie sweeteners are substances used instead of sugar to sweeten foods and drinks. They're found in products such as drinks, desserts and ready meals, cakes, chewing gum and toothpaste. You can find a full list of all food additives, including all sweeteners, authorised for use in Great Britain on the ... New chemical sweeteners (like Splenda) and the sweetener blends (aspartame, sucralose and acesulfame K blended together in one product) may be causing users to show signs of weight gain, disruption of sleep patterns, sexual dysfunction, increases in cancer, MS, Lupus, diabetes, and a list of epidemic degenerative diseases. Oct 1, 2018 · Abstract. Aspartame (NutraSweet®, Equal®) is a widely used artificial sweetener, has been reported to be accountable for neurological and behavioural disturbances in people. Upon ingestion, aspartame is hydrolyzed in gut and provides its metabolite; such as phenylalanine (Phy) (50%), aspartic acid (40%), and methanol (10%). The Dangers of Aspartame Poisoning. It is no longer a secret that aspartame is a toxic and dangerous ingredient found in many foods. Even though it is still approved by the FDA, there have been numerous reports of aspartame poisoning surfacing. One of the reasons I wrote Unjunk Your Junk Food was to help educate people on how to protect ...LD-50 for artificial sweeteners is in the ballpark of 10,000 mg/kg. Salt is more toxic at 3000 mg/kg. Aspirin weighs in at 1500 mg/kg and acetaminophen at 500 mg/kg. Obviously, sweeteners are not particularly hazardous. But risk is a measure both of hazard and exposure, so we have to take a look at consumption.May 3, 2023 · Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. For people with PKU, a buildup of phenylalanine in the body from too much aspartame or other sources may cause the following symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic and Nemours: A musty odor in the urine, skin or breath. Seizures and other neurological problems. Eczema or other skin rash. However, without treatment, babies usually develop signs of PKU within a few months. Signs and symptoms of untreated PKU can be mild or severe and may include: A musty odor in the breath, skin or urine, caused by too much phenylalanine in the body. Nervous system (neurological) problems that may include seizures.Detailed scientific and general documentation regarding the toxicity of nutrasweet, Equal, diet coke, diet pepsi, and other aspartame containing items. Web page includes real life reports of acute and chronic toxicity due to long-term ingestion.Diet drinks sat in the 120 degree F. Arabian sun for weeks at a time on pallets. The service men and women drank them all day long. All of their symptoms are identical to aspartame poisoning. Dr. Roberts says "consuming aspartame at the time of conception can cause birth defects".Mar 20, 2017 · LD-50 for artificial sweeteners is in the ballpark of 10,000 mg/kg. Salt is more toxic at 3000 mg/kg. Aspirin weighs in at 1500 mg/kg and acetaminophen at 500 mg/kg. Obviously, sweeteners are not particularly hazardous. But risk is a measure both of hazard and exposure, so we have to take a look at consumption. Unfortunately, aspartame poisoning can be misdiagnosed because aspartame symptoms mock textbook ‘disease’ symptoms, such as Multiple Sclerosis. The ratio of amino acids in the blood is changed by aspartame – it blocks or lowers the levels of serotonin, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline. Neurologic: Aspartame can do harm to our neurologic system, and the most common symptom of aspartame poisoning is headache and dizziness. Besides, it can also cause the following conditions including confusion, memory loss, severe drowsiness and sleepiness and sever speech slurring. Psychological: Severe depression and anxiety, change of mood ... Symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning. For people with PKU, a buildup of phenylalanine in the body from too much aspartame or other sources may cause the following symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic and Nemours: A musty odor in the urine, skin or breath. Seizures and other neurological problems. Eczema or other skin rash.
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. Certain types of cleaners are only harmful if ingested, while others also emit toxic gases/fumes.. Nearest jo ann
Carmen took the vitamins away from Katrina, and her returning symptoms disappeared. The coincidence of all! Katrina suffered from acute toxicity, lethargy, confusion, impairment of articulation, sever headaches, abdominal pain, vertigo, and temporary visual loss. All symptoms of aspartame toxicity.Are you surprised to learn that the FDA used to list 92 symptoms caused by aspartame, based on consumer complaints? ... 92 Aspartame Poisoning Symptoms According To Fda; Aspartame Poisoning; Betty ...Detailed scientific and general documentation regarding the toxicity of nutrasweet, Equal, diet coke, diet pepsi, and other aspartame containing items. Web page includes real life reports of acute and chronic toxicity due to long-term ingestion.Aspartame Dangers. The dangers of aspartame poisoning have been a well-guarded secret since the 1980s. The research and history of aspartame is conclusive as a cause of illness and toxic reactions in the human body. Aspartame is a dangerous chemical food additive, and its use during pregnancy and by children is one of the greatest modern ... These bacteria help your body to maintain a healthy immune system. Some studies have shown that sucralose can change your gut microbiome by lowering the number of good bacteria by half. Research ... Aspartame is an Immune System toxin and the term Aspartame Poisoning is used to describe the result of this toxin on the human body. The number of symptoms of Aspartame Poisoning is large. Check to see if your condition is in one of the following lists. 92 Aspartame Symptoms reported to the FDA, and/or. Aspartame Symptoms by category, and/or. Ear Symptoms. Tinnitus or buzzing in the ear is a common symptom of aspartame poisoning. Intolerance to noises and notable hearing loss can also occur. Eye Symptoms. Aspartame can cause decreased vision, particularly night vision, blurring, tunnel vision and eye pain. Symptoms of aspartame poisoning can include headaches, decreased vision, elevated blood pressure and dizziness. Advertisement The best way to avoid aspartame poisoning is to stop eating foods that contain this artificial sweetener.Reported Side Effects of Aspartame and Other Artificial Sweeteners. Herpes outbreaks, genital and oral, have been reported to occur within 20 minutes. Congenital disabilities. Blurred vision. Gastrointestinal problems. Lupus. Multiple sclerosis. Escalation of Alzheimer's Disease. Seizures, dizziness, and migraines.Sep 15, 2003 · Roberts tells how aspartame poisoning is escalating Alzheimer's Disease, and indeed it is. As the hospice nurse told me, women are being admitted at 30 years of age with Alzheimer's Disease. Dr. .